Lazer em tempos de distanciamento social: impactos da pandemia de covid-19 nas atividades de lazer de universitários na cidade de Macapá (AP) / Leisure in times of social distance: impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on leisure activities of university students in the city of Macapá (AP)

Este artigo identifica os impactos nas formas de lazer vividas por universitários na cidade de Macapá (AP), diante do período de distanciamento social imposto pela pandemia de COVID-19. Combinamos o uso da pesquisa bibliográfica com a aplicação de questionário virtual (Plataforma Google Forms). O questionário continha cinco questões de múltipla escolha. Obtivemos o retorno de 456 instrumentais. Os resultados indicam que o distanciamento social trouxe impactos para o lazer dos sujeitos, pois resultou no aumento da "residencialização" e da "virtualização" do lazer. Se, antes, observamos tendência para prática de lazeres vivenciados na natureza e com forte caráter de sociabilidade, o distanciamento social resultou em aumento de lazeres vividos no ambiente doméstico, bem como em práticas ligadas ao uso da internet, como jogos online; assistir a lives e filmes; acesso a redes sociais; uso de celulares e computadores.

This article identifies the impacts on the forms of leisure experienced by university students in the city of Macapá (AP), in the face of the period of social distance imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We combined the use of bibliographic research with the application of a virtual questionnarie (Google forms platform). The questionnarie contained 5 multiple choice questions. We obtained the return of 456 instruments. The results indicate that the social distance has had an impact on the subjects' leisure, as it resulted in an increase in "residentialization" and "virtualization" of leisure. If, before, we observed a tendency to practice leisure activities experienced in nature and with a strong sociability character, social distance resulted in an increase in leisure activities experienced in the domestic environment, as well as in practices related to the use of the internet, such as online games; watching lives and movies; use of cell phones and computers

Dimensiones del pensamiento sistémico aplicado: un estudio de casos múltiple desde la perspectiva de sistemas complejos y el aprendizaje organizacional / Dimensões do pensamento sistêmico aplicado: um estudo de caso múltiplo na perspectiva de sistemas complexos e aprendizagem organizacional / Dimensions of applied systemic thinking: a multiple case study from the complex systems and organizational learning perspective

Resumen: Este artículo se desarrolla en el marco de una investigación interesada por las condiciones que intervienen en el desarrollo de aprendizaje en las organizaciones contemporáneas. Con apoyo en fundamentos teóricos del aprendizaje organizacional y perspectivas de sistemas complejos y un diseño metodológico de estudio de casos múltiple, el trabajo pone en foco el papel del pensamiento sistémico como condición relevante para el aprendizaje organizacional, observado en el marco de procesos de tratamiento y solución de problemas en pequeñas y medianas organizaciones de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). Como resultados se presentan cuatro dimensiones relevantes de observar en torno al pensamiento sistémico en circunstancias de práctica concreta, y la hipótesis de que el pensamiento sistémico puede presentarse a modo de patrón autoorganizado. Entre las conclusiones se sostiene que el pensamiento sistémico incide de manera significativa en los procesos de tratamiento de problemas, y consecuentemente en el logro de mejoras, aprendizajes compartidos, innovaciones y construcción de conocimiento en las organizaciones estudiadas, y que se manifiesta como emergente interaccional y contextual más que como competencia meramente individual. Los hallazgos tienen implicancias para investigadores, para gestores institucionales y para profesionales asesores, particularmente psicólogos que lleven adelante intervenciones en el campo de las organizaciones.

Resumo: Este artigo é desenvolvido no âmbito de uma investigação interessada nas condições envolvidas no desenvolvimento da aprendizagem nas organizações contemporâneas. Com apoio em fundamentos teóricos da aprendizagem organizacional e perspectivas de sistemas complexos e um desenho metodológico de estudos de caso múltiplo, o trabalho enfoca o papel do pensamento sistêmico como condição relevante para a aprendizagem organizacional, observada no âmbito dos processos de tratamento e solução de problemas em pequenas e médias organizações na cidade de Córdoba (Argentina). Como resultados, são apresentadas quatro dimensões relevantes da observação em torno do pensamento sistêmico em circunstâncias da prática concreta e a hipótese de que o pensamento sistêmico pode ser apresentado como um padrão auto-organizado. Dentre as conclusões, argumenta-se que o pensamento sistêmico tem um impacto significativo nos processos de tratamento de problemas e, consequentemente, na obtenção de melhorias, aprendizado compartilhado, inovações e construção de conhecimento nas organizações estudadas, e que se manifesta como um emergente interacional e competência contextual e não meramente individual. Os resultados têm implicações para pesquisadores, gerentes institucionais e consultores profissionais, principalmente psicólogos que realizam intervenções no campo das organizações.

Abstract: This article is developed within the framework of an investigation interested in the conditions involved in the development of learning in contemporary organizations. With support in theoretical foundations of organizational learning and complex systems perspectives and a methodological design of multiple-case studies, this paper focuses on the role of systemic thinking as a relevant condition for organizational learning, observed in the framework of treatment and solution processes of problems in small and medium organizations in Córdoba city (Argentina). As results, we present four relevant dimensions around systemic thinking in circumstances of concrete practice, and the hypothesis that systemic thinking can be presented as a self-organized pattern. As conclusions, it is argued that systemic thinking has a significant impact on the processes of treatment of problems, and consequently on the achievement of improvements, shared learning, innovations and construction of knowledge in the organizations studied, and that it manifests itself as an emerging interactional and contextual rather than as merely individual competence. The findings have implications for researchers, institutional managers and professional advisors, particularly psychologists who carry out interventions in the field of organizations.

Esporte e lazer: uma trajetória das leis municipais em Macapá / Sport and leisure: a trajectory of municipal laws in Macapá

Esta pesquisa identifica as leis relacionadas ao esporte/lazer, durante processo histórico da Lei Orgânica do Município de Macapá até a atualidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, onde se utilizou a Lei Orgânica Municipal, Leis ordinárias e complementares. Para fins de análise, optamos por agrupar a discussão em três categorias: "Espaço: perdas e ganhos"; "Garantia e Construção de Direitos" e "Manutenção de uma Agenda Pós-Estruturada". A inclusão do esporte/lazer nas leis municipais acompanha o movimento inaugurado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, o que implicou em uma trajetória de leis que abordam esporte/lazer como direito social na cidade de Macapá. Foi possível identificar dezessete leis que abarcam esse tema no município. No entanto, esse processo está calcado em contradições, revelando um hiato entre o dispositivo legal e a efetivação de políticas sociais no setor.

This research identifies the laws related to sport / leisure, during the historical process of the Organic Law of the Municipality of Macapá until today. This is a documental research, which we used the Municipal Organic Law, ordinary and complementary laws. For the purposes of analysis, we chose to group the discussion in three categories: "Space: gains and losses"; "Warranty and construction of rights" and "Maintaining a post structured agenda". The inclusion of sport / leisure in municipal laws accompanies the movement inaugurated by the Federal Constitution of 1988, which implied a trajectory of laws that approach sport / leisure as a social right in the city of Macapá. It was possible to identify seventeen laws that cover this theme in the municipality. However, this process is rooted in contradictions, revealing a gap between the legal device and the implementation of social policies in the sector.

Entre rio, corpo e lazer: o futlama em questão / Between river, body and leisure: the futlama in question

O futlama se caracteriza por ser uma prática de futebol, jogado às margens do rio Amazonas, na cidade de Macapá ­ AP. O futlama é vivenciado em solo enlameado, no momento da vazante da maré, sem clara demarcação do espaço de jogo. A pesquisa teve os seguintes objetivos: identificar com que frequência um grupo de jogadores vivencia o futlama e analisar quais as motivações do grupo para a sua prática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que combinou a pesquisa bibliográfica com a de campo. Os partícipes do estudo foram dez praticantes de futlama e as informações coletadas foram apreendidas por meio de observação e de entrevista semi-estruturada. Identificamos que o futlama é predominantemente jogado aos finais de semana, e a motivação dos jogadores está relacionada ao prazer durante o jogo, na liberdade de entregar-se a uma prática de lazer em contato com a natureza, na socialização e a presença afetiva de estar com os amigos.

The futlama is characterized by being a soccer practice, played on the banks of the Amazon River, in the city of Macapá - AP. The futlama is experienced in muddy ground, at the time of the ebb tide, without clear demarcation of the game space. The research had the following objectives: to identify how often a group of players experience the futlama and to analyze the motivations of the group for its practice. It is a qualitative research that combined bibliographical and field research. The participants of the study were ten practitioners of futlama and the information collected was seized through observation and semi-structured interview. We identified that futlama is predominantly played on weekends, and the motivation of the players is related to the pleasure during the game, the freedom to indulge in a leisure practice in contact with nature, in the socialization and the affective presence of being with friends.

Validation of the Nuclear Cataract Grading System BCN 10.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a new nuclear cataract grading system which is intended as a surgical guidance system to predict lens hardness before cataract surgery. METHODS: The new BCN 10 grading system consists of frontal and cross-sectional slit-lamp images of human eye lenses, ranging from a completely transparent lens nucleus to a totally black nuclear cataract. Validation was done with 9 observers for 110 cases. Two modalities were applied, and observers were asked to use only whole digits and then half digits for grading. RESULTS: Repeatability with regard to test-retest differences showed a mean limit of agreement of 1.70 for whole digits and 1.32 for half digits. The absolute test-retest difference was close to zero for low as well high degrees of cataracts. Reliability for the entire group of 9 observers yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient which was within the same confidence interval, i.e., 0.991-0.995, for whole digits and half digits. CONCLUSIONS: BCN 10 grading repeatability was not affected by the severity of the cataract. It showed very good repeatability. Repeatability was significantly higher when the observers used half digits compared to whole digits. Reliability was found to be very good as well, independently of the use of whole or half digits.

Protein profiles in cortical and nuclear regions of aged human donor lenses: A confocal Raman microspectroscopic and imaging study.

A combination of Raman spectroscopy, imaging, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and peak ratio analysis was used to analyze protein profiles in the superficial cortex (SC), deep cortex (DC) and nucleus of old human lenses with cortical, nuclear and mixed cataracts. No consistent differences were observed in protein spectra and after cluster analysis between the three locations irrespective of the presence or absence of cortical opacities and/or coloration. A sharp increase (∼15%-∼33%) in protein content from SC to DC, normal for human lenses, was found in 7 lenses. In 4 lenses, characterized by the absence of cortical opacities, the SC has a protein content of ∼35%. A significant increase in the disulfide-to-protein ratio is found only in the SC of the 7 cortical cataracts. No changes were found in sulfhydryl-to-protein ratio. The relative contents of α-helices and ß-sheets increase from SC to nucleus. ß-Sheets are more common in the SC of lenses with cortical cataract. The absence of significant and consistent changes in protein profiles between nucleus and cortex even in cases of severe coloration is not favoring the prevailing concept that ubiquitous protein oxidation is a key factor for age related nuclear (ARN) cataracts. The observations favor the idea that multilamellar bodies or protein aggregates at very low volume densities are responsible for the rise in Mie light scatter as a main cause of ARN cataracts leaving the short-range-order of the fiber cytoplasm largely intact. The absence of significant changes in the protein spectra of the deep cortical opacities, milky white as a result of the presence of vesicle-like features, indicate they are packed with relatively undisturbed crystallins.

A formação profissional em lazer na cidade de Belém e o olhar discente / Vocational training in leisure in Belém city and understanding of students

Este artigo objetiva analisar o entendimento de lazer sustentado pelos acadêmicos que cursaram, em 2011, o último semestre de Educação Física nas Universidades Públicas da Cidade de Belém e identificar se as disciplinas sobre lazer, frequentadas na graduação, atenderam as expectativas profissionais dos alunos. Participaram da pesquisa 12 discentes, sendo 7 estudantes da Universidade do Estado do Pará ? UEPA e 5 da Universidade Federal do Pará ? UFPA. As falas produzidas pelos acadêmicos foram capturadas a partir de entrevista semiestruturada com posterior análise por meio da Técnica de Elaboração e Análise de Unidades de Significado. Com esta pesquisa, constatou-se que 58,33% dos alunos apresentaram um entendimento funcionalista do lazer e 25% indicou a necessidade de ampliação de discussões sobre o lazer no currículo das instituições investigadas.

This article aims to analyze the pleasure of understanding sustained by academics who attended, in 2011, the last semester of physical education in public universities of Belem city and identify whether the disciplines of leisure, to attend the graduation, attended the professional expectations of studentes. The participants were 12 students , 7 students from Pará State University - UEPA and 5 of the Federal University of Pará - UFPA . The reports produced by the students were captured through semi-structured interviews with subsequent analysis by Technical Development and Analysis of Meaning Units. With this research, it was found that 58,33% of the students showed functionalist understanding of leisure and 25% indicated the need to expand discussions about leisure in the curriculum of institutions investigated.

Experimental protocols for ex vivo lens stretching tests to investigate the biomechanics of the human accommodation apparatus.

PURPOSE: To explore alternative experimental protocols to investigate the biomechanical behavior of the crystalline lens and zonules using ex vivo stretching. METHODS: Radial stretching tests were conducted on the anterior segment (consisting of lens, zonules, ciliary body, and sclera) of four pairs of presbyopic human donor eyes. A simple mechanical model is used to describe the behavior of the anterior segment when tested in this way. Each pair of samples was initially stretched with the ciliary body intact. One sample was retested after cutting the ciliary body radially, and the other sample was retested after removing the lens. RESULTS: The external forces needed to stretch the sample with the ciliary body intact were significantly greater than for the tests in which the ciliary body had been cut. The forces measured with the ciliary body intact and lens in situ were comparable to the sum of the forces measured in the tests in which the ciliary body had been cut (lens in situ) and the forces measured in the tests on the intact ciliary body with the lens removed. CONCLUSIONS: When stretching tests are conducted on the anterior segment, significant circumferential tensions develop in the ciliary body. This means that the forces applied to the lens and zonules cannot be related directly to the forces applied by the external loading system. If radial cuts are introduced in the ciliary body prior to testing, however, then this difficulty does not arise.

Conhecimento sobre o lazer nos cursos de Educação Física da cidade de Belém / Knowledge about the leisure in courses of physical education the city of Belem

Esse artigo analisa os conhecimentos sobre o lazer desenvolvidos nos cursos de Educação Física da cidade de Belém. Na metodologia foram adotados como lócus da pesquisa os cursos de Educação Física da Universidade do Estado do Pará ? UEPA e da Universidade Federal do Pará ? UFPA. As fontes de análise elegidas foram os Projetos Político-Pedagógicos, as ementas e os Planos de Ensino das disciplinas que abordam o tema do lazer nas respectivas instituições. Como resultados, identificou-se que a UEPA procura discutir conteúdos relacionados às políticas públicas de lazer; direito ao lazer; lazer e qualidade de vida; lazer e sociedade. Na UFPA, evidenciou-se que a disciplina segue orientação didático-metodológica, enfatizando conhecimentos de cunho técnico aplicados ao lazer.

This article analyzes the data about leisure at the Physical Education graduation courses at Belém. The investigation locus adopted were the Physical Education graduation courses from UEPA (University of the State of Pará) and UFPA (Federal University of Pará). The analysis sources were the political-pedagogical projects of the graduation courses and the educational plan ? especially the topics that address specifically to the leisure in each institution. As a result, it was possible to identify that UEPA deliberates about the content related to the public policies of leisure, the right of the leisure, leisure and the quality of life, leisure and the society. At UFPA, it was clear that the discipline follows a didactic-methodological orientation.

Absence of amyloid-beta in lenses of Alzheimer patients: a confocal Raman microspectroscopic study.

We have compared the protein profiles in plaques and tangles in the hippocampus of post-mortem Alzheimer brains and in opaque and clear regions in the deep cortex of eye lenses of the same donors. From the 7 Alzheimer donors studied, 1 had pronounced bilateral cortical lens opacities, 1 moderate and 5 only minor or no cortical opacities. We focused on beta-sheet levels, a hallmarking property of amyloid-beta, the major protein of plaques and tau protein, the major protein of tangles in Alzheimer brains. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy and imaging was used in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis. Plaques and tangles show high levels of beta-sheets with a beta-sheet to protein ratio of 1.67. This ratio is 1.12 in unaffected brain tissue surrounding the plaques and tangles. In the lenses this ratio is 1.17 independently of the presence or absence of opacities. This major difference in beta-sheet conformation between hippocampus and lens is supported by Congo red and immunostaining of amyloid-beta and tau which were positive for plaques and tangles in the hippocampus but fully negative for the lens irrespective of the presence or absence of opacities. In line with a previous study (Michael et al., 2013) we conclude that cortical lens opacities are not typical for Alzheimer patients and are not hallmarked by accumulation of amyloid-beta, and can thus not be considered as predictors or indicators of Alzheimer disease as claimed by Goldstein et al. (2003).

Absence of beta-amyloid in cortical cataracts of donors with and without Alzheimer's disease.

Eye lenses from human donors with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD) were studied to evaluate the presence of amyloid in cortical cataract. We obtained 39 lenses from 21 postmortem donors with AD and 15 lenses from age-matched controls provided by the Banco de Ojos para Tratamientos de la Ceguera (Barcelona, Spain). For 17 donors, AD was clinically diagnosed by general physicians and for 4 donors the AD diagnosis was neuropathologically confirmed. Of the 21 donors with AD, 6 had pronounced bilateral cortical lens opacities and 15 only minor or no cortical opacities. As controls, 7 donors with pronounced cortical opacities and 8 donors with almost transparent lenses were selected. All lenses were photographed in a dark field stereomicroscope. Histological sections were analyzed using a standard and a more sensitive Congo red protocol, thioflavin staining and beta-amyloid immunohistochemistry. Brain tissue from two donors, one with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and another with advanced AD-related changes and one cornea with lattice dystrophy were used as positive controls for the staining techniques. Thioflavin, standard and modified Congo red staining were positive in the control brain tissues and in the dystrophic cornea. Beta-amyloid immunohistochemistry was positive in the brain tissues but not in the cornea sample. Lenses from control and AD donors were, without exception, negative after Congo red, thioflavin, and beta-amyloid immunohistochemical staining. The results of the positive control tissues correspond well with known observations in AD, amyloid angiopathy and corneas with lattice dystrophy. The absence of staining in AD and control lenses with the techniques employed lead us to conclude that there is no beta-amyloid in lenses from donors with AD or in control cortical cataracts. The inconsistency with previous studies of Goldstein et al. (2003) and Moncaster et al. (2010), both of which demonstrated positive Congo red, thioflavin, and beta-amyloid immunohistochemical staining in AD and Down syndrome lenses, is discussed.

Elastic properties of human lens zonules as a function of age in presbyopes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the elastic properties of human lens zonules as a function of age in presbyopes. METHODS: We studied 16 presbyopic human donor eyes (ages 47-97). Anterior eye sections with crystalline lens, zonules, ciliary body, and sclera were stretched radially. The stretching device consisted of a chamber filled with balanced salt solution and eight radial hooks to hold the anterior eye section. Radial stretching was created with a stepper motor connected to a digital outside micrometer for linear displacement and digital balance for force measurement. Three eye globes were used to test our methodology. For 13 eye globes, the spring constant, elastic modulus of the zonular system, and Young's modulus of the zonules were calculated. RESULTS: We found linear dependence for force-elongation and force-strain relationships at all ages. In young presbyopic eyes (ages 47-60), the Young's modulus of the zonules was 340 mN/mm(2), whereas in older eyes (ages 83-97) it was significantly lower at 270 mN/mm(2). However, the correlation coefficient between Young's modulus and age (47-97 years) was not significant with P = 0.063. CONCLUSIONS: The zonular system in presbyopic eyes was linear elastic, and the Young's modulus of the zonules decreased 20% from presbyopic age to late presbyopic age. However, there was no significant correlation between Young's modulus and age in presbyopes.

Posterior capsule opacification assessment and factors that influence visual quality after posterior capsulotomy.

PURPOSE: To study the correlation between posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and intraocular straylight and visual acuity. DESIGN: Prospective noninterventional study. METHODS: We measured visual acuity (VA), logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) and intraocular straylight (C-Quant straylight parameter log[s]) under photopic conditions before and 2 weeks after YAG capsulotomy in 41 patients (53 eyes) from the Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer in Barcelona and the University Eye Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg. Photopic pupil diameter was also measured. To document the level of opacification, pupils were dilated and photographs were taken with a slit lamp, using retroillumination and the reflected light of a wide slit beam at an angle of 45 degrees. PCO was subjectively graded on a scale of 0 to 10 and using the POCOman system. A multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors that influence straylight after capsulotomy. RESULTS: Straylight correlated well with retroillumination and reflected-light PCO scores, whereas VA only correlated with retroillumination. Both VA and straylight improved after capsulotomy. Straylight values varied widely after capsulotomy. Multiple regression analysis showed that older age, large ocular axial length, hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs), and small capsulotomies are factors that increased intraocular straylight. CONCLUSION: Intraocular straylight is a useful tool in the assessment of PCO. It correlates well with PCO severity scoring methods. When performing a posterior capsulotomy, factors such as age, IOL material, axial length, and capsulotomy size must be taken into consideration, as they influence intraocular straylight.

Wedge resection for high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: refractive and histopathologic changes.

PURPOSE: To analyze the refractive, topographic, keratometric changes and the histopathologic findings after wedge resection to correct high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was done analyzing the following parameters preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively: uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, and spherical equivalent and refractive, topographic, and keratometric cylinder measures. We also studied the efficacy and safety indices, as well as the histopathologic findings of tissues submitted for pathology. RESULTS: A total of 22 eyes of 21 patients who underwent wedge resection in the host corneal tissue for correcting high irregular astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus were included in the study. Mean follow-up time from penetrating keratoplasty to wedge resection was 18 years, whereas the mean follow-up time after wedge resection was 39.04 months (range, 12-280 months). The mean preoperative refractive, topographic, and keratometric cylinders were 11.58 +/- 3.52 diopters (D) (range, 4.5-20 D), 10.88 +/- 5.03 D (range, 2.58-21.3 D), and 11.29 +/- 4.33 D (range, 4.50-18 D), respectively. The mean postoperative refractive, topographic, and keratometric cylinders at 3 years were 4.91 +/- 2.48 D (range, 0.50-10 D), 3.38 +/- 2.10 D (range, 2.05-7.1 D), and 5.31 +/- 2.90 D (range, 0.50-9 D), respectively. The percentage of correction at 3 years of follow up was 57.5% for refractive cylinder, 68.97% for topographic cylinder, and 53.01% for keratometric cylinder. All refractive, topographic, and keratometric data showed the lowest degree of astigmatism at 3 years postoperatively, with a tendency toward regression at 5 years postoperatively. Safety index was 1.0, whereas efficacy index was 0.49. All histopathologic sections of resected tissue were consistent with keratoconus progression in the host peripheral cornea. CONCLUSION: Wedge resection is a safe and moderately effective procedure in the correction of high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Histopathologic changes confirm a true late progression of the disease in the host cornea. Keratoconus may be a disease that affects the entire cornea, and surgical resection does not cure the disease.